Clinical research glossary
Plain-language definitions for the 192 clinical research terms used across Veraflux reports. Click any term for the full entry.
Statistical
- Between-Group Difference
- Clinically Meaningful
- Cohen's d
- Confidence Interval (CI) (CI)
- Dose-Response Relationship
- Effect Size
- Fold Change
- Forest Plot
- Funnel Plot
- GRADE (Evidence Certainty) (GRADE)
- Hazard Ratio (HR) (HR)
- Hedges' g
- Heterogeneity
- I² (I-squared) (I²)
- Meta-Regression
- n (Sample Size)
- Network Meta-Analysis
- NNT (Number Needed to Treat) (NNT)
- Null Finding
- Odds Ratio (OR) (OR)
- p-value
- Pooled Analysis
- Post-Hoc Analysis
- Publication Bias
- Risk of Bias
- Risk Ratio / Relative Risk (RR) (RR)
- Sensitivity Analysis
- SMD (Standardized Mean Difference) (SMD)
- Statistically Significant
- Within-Group Change
- WMD (Weighted Mean Difference) (WMD)
Study Design
- Allocation Concealment
- Baseline
- Cochrane Review
- Cohort Study
- Crossover Design
- Double-Blind
- Intention-to-Treat (ITT) (ITT)
- Meta-Analysis
- Open-Label Study
- Parallel-Group Design
- Per-Protocol Analysis
- Pilot Study
- Placebo
- Prospective Study
- RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial) (RCT)
- Subgroup Analysis
- Systematic Review
- Umbrella Review
- Washout Period
Biological
- 25(OH)D (25-Hydroxyvitamin D) (25(OH)D)
- 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) (5-HTP)
- Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (AChE)
- AMPK (AMP-Activated Protein Kinase) (AMPK)
- Antioxidant
- BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) (BDNF)
- Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)
- Carnosine
- CFU (Colony-Forming Units) (CFU)
- Cholinergic
- Cortisol
- Creatine Kinase (CK) (CK)
- CRP (C-Reactive Protein) (CRP)
- Cytokine
- Dopamine
- Dopaminergic
- Dysbiosis
- Endotoxin
- GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) (GABA)
- GABAergic
- Ghrelin
- GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) (GLP-1)
- Glycogen
- HPA Axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal) (HPA)
- hs-CRP (High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein) (hs-CRP)
- IgA (Immunoglobulin A) (IgA)
- IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) (IGF-1)
- IL-6 (Interleukin-6) (IL-6)
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
- Incretin
- Insulin Sensitivity
- Interleukin (IL) (IL)
- Intestinal Permeability
- Kynurenine Pathway
- Lactate
- Lactate Threshold
- Leptin
- Lipolysis
- LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) (LPS)
- Melatonin Receptor (MT1/MT2)
- Microbiome / Microbiota
- mTOR
- Neuroplasticity
- Neuroprotective
- NF-κB (Nuclear Factor Kappa B) (NF-κB)
- NK Cells (Natural Killer Cells) (NK)
- Nrf2
- Oxidative Stress
- Phosphocreatine (PCr) (PCr)
- Prebiotic
- PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) (PTH)
- ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) (ROS)
- SCFA (Short-Chain Fatty Acids) (SCFA)
- Serotonergic
- Serotonin
- Synbiotic
- Thermogenesis
- Tight Junction
- TLR (Toll-Like Receptor) (TLR)
- TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) (TNF)
- Vagus Nerve
Clinical Scale
- 1RM (One Repetition Maximum) (1RM)
- Actigraphy
- BAI (Beck Anxiety Inventory) (BAI)
- BMI (Body Mass Index) (BMI)
- CMJ (Countermovement Jump) (CMJ)
- DASS-21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale) (DASS-21)
- DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness) (DOMS)
- Executive Function
- GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale) (GAD-7)
- HAM-A (Hamilton Anxiety Scale) (HAM-A)
- HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) (HbA1c)
- HOMA-IR (HOMA-IR)
- ISI (Insomnia Severity Index) (ISI)
- MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment) (MCI)
- MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) (MMSE)
- MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) (MoCA)
- MVC (Maximum Voluntary Contraction) (MVC)
- N-Back Task
- NREM Sleep (Non-REM) (NREM)
- Polysomnography (PSG) (PSG)
- POMS (Profile of Mood States) (POMS)
- PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) (PSQI)
- PSS (Perceived Stress Scale) (PSS)
- Reaction Time
- REM Sleep
- Sleep Architecture
- Sleep Efficiency
- Sleep Latency
- Slow-Wave Sleep (SWS) (SWS)
- Stroop Test
- Trail Making Test
- VAS (Visual Analog Scale) (VAS)
- VO₂max (Maximal Oxygen Uptake) (VO₂max)
- WASO (Wake After Sleep Onset) (WASO)
- Wingate Test
- WMS-III (Wechsler Memory Scale, Third Edition) (WMS-III)
- Working Memory
Supplement
- Adaptogen
- Anthocyanin
- Anxiolytic
- AUC (Area Under the Curve) (AUC)
- Bacoside
- Bioavailability
- Catechin
- Cmax (Peak Concentration) (Cmax)
- Curcuminoid
- EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) (EGCG)
- First-Pass Metabolism
- Flavonoid
- Half-Life
- HCA (Hydroxycitric Acid) (HCA)
- Liposomal
- Nootropic
- Pharmacokinetic
- Piperine
- Polyphenol
- Rosavin
- Salidroside
- Standardized Extract
- Tmax (Time to Peak Concentration) (Tmax)
- Valerenic Acid
- Withaferin A
- Withanolide
Safety
- Adverse Event
- ALT / AST (Liver Enzymes)
- Anticoagulant
- Cholestasis
- Contraindication
- CYP Enzymes (Cytochrome P450) (CYP)
- CYP1A2
- CYP3A4
- DILI (Drug-Induced Liver Injury) (DILI)
- Drug Interaction
- Hepatotoxicity
- P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) (P-gp)
- QT Prolongation
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Teratogenic
- TUL (Tolerable Upper Limit) (TUL)
- Warfarin